Hyphessobrycon simulatus (GÉRY, 1960) False X-ray Tetra Synonyms

Synonyms

Pseudopristella simulata Géry, 1960

Etymology

The scientific name of the false neon tetra, Hyphessobrycon simulatus, has an interesting etymology that sheds light on the species’ characteristics and history. The genus name, Hyphessobrycon, is derived from two Greek words, “hyphesson” and “brycon.” “Hyphesson” means “slightly smaller,” while “brycon” is a genus of freshwater fish. Thus, the name Hyphessobrycon refers to the species’ relatively small size compared to other fish in the Brycon genus.

The species name, simulatus, is a Latin word that means “imitation” or “false.” This name refers to the false neon tetra’s resemblance to the true neon tetra (Paracheirodon innesi). Taxonomists initially classified the false neon tetra as a member of the Hemigrammus genus, but later research revealed that it is more closely related to the true neon tetra. As a result, the species was reclassified and given the name Hyphessobrycon simulatus.

It is worth noting that scientific names are subject to change as new information becomes available. Taxonomists constantly review and revise species classifications based on genetic analysis and other factors. Thus, the scientific name of Hyphessobrycon simulatus may change in the future as our understanding of the species evolves. Regardless of its name, the false neon tetra remains a popular and fascinating fish species among aquarium enthusiasts.

Classification

Order: Characiformes Family: Characidae

Hyphessobrycon simulatus belongs to the Animalia kingdom, the Chordata phylum, the Actinopterygii class, the Characiformes order, and the Characidae family. It is a member of the Hyphessobrycon genus, which contains over 100 different species of freshwater fish. The false neon tetra is closely related to the true neon tetra (Paracheirodon innesi) and the cardinal tetra (Paracheirodon axelrodi), both of which belong to the same family.

Within the Hyphessobrycon genus, the false neon tetra is classified as a “tetra” due to its small size, bright coloration, and peaceful temperament. It typically grows to a maximum length of 3 cm and has a lifespan of 3-5 years in captivity. The species is known for its distinctive bright blue and red coloration, which makes it a popular choice for aquarium enthusiasts.

Taxonomists have previously classified the false neon tetra under different names, including Carnegiella simulata, Cheirodon simulatus, and Hemigrammus simulatus. However, recent genetic analysis has confirmed its placement in the Hyphessobrycon genus. The species is widely distributed in South America, where it inhabits the clear, slow-moving waters of the Amazon Basin and its tributaries.

Amazon Basin

The Amazon Basin is a vast and ecologically significant region located in South America. The region spans over multiple countries, including Brazil, Peru, Colombia, Ecuador, Bolivia, Venezuela, Guyana, Suriname, and French Guiana, and encompasses much of the Amazon River basin. The Amazon River, the largest river in the world by volume, flows through the basin, carrying around one-fifth of the world’s freshwater.

The Amazon Basin is home to the world’s largest rainforest, the Amazon Rainforest, covering an area of approximately 6.7 million square kilometers. The rainforest is an incredibly diverse ecosystem and is home to an estimated 10-15% of the world’s known plant and animal species. This high level of biodiversity is supported by the Amazon River and its tributaries, which provide essential nutrients and habitats for the region’s diverse flora and fauna.

The Amazon Basin’s ecological significance extends far beyond its biodiversity. The Amazon rainforest plays a crucial role in the global climate system, absorbing and storing vast amounts of carbon dioxide and producing around 20% of the world’s oxygen. The region also helps to regulate the Earth’s water cycle, and the Amazon River itself plays a critical role in supplying freshwater to millions of people living in the region.

The Amazon Basin is also home to many indigenous communities, some of whom have lived in the region for thousands of years. These communities rely on the natural resources of the rainforest for their livelihoods, including hunting, fishing, and gathering. However, the traditional way of life of these communities is under threat from deforestation, mining, and other forms of environmental destruction.

Deforestation is one of the most significant threats to the Amazon Basin. The region is losing its forest cover at an alarming rate, with vast areas of forest cleared each year to make way for agriculture, logging, and other forms of development. Deforestation has a severe impact on the local ecosystem, contributing to climate change, soil erosion, and the loss of biodiversity. It also has a profound impact on the indigenous communities who rely on the forest for their survival.

The Amazon Basin is facing other challenges, including mining, oil extraction, and infrastructure development. Mining operations, in particular, can have a devastating impact on the environment, contaminating water sources and destroying habitats. Oil extraction and infrastructure development can also have a profound impact on the region’s biodiversity, and the construction of roads and dams can lead to further deforestation and habitat destruction.

Despite these challenges, there are many ongoing efforts to protect the Amazon Basin. Conservation programs, sustainable development initiatives, and legal protections for indigenous communities and their land rights are some examples of the actions being taken. Governments, NGOs, and local communities are working together to develop sustainable land use practices and reduce deforestation rates.

However, the challenges facing the Amazon Basin are complex and require a coordinated and long-term approach to address them effectively. Preserving the region’s natural and cultural heritage is crucial, not only for the Amazon Basin but for the planet as a whole. The Amazon Basin’s significance extends far beyond its borders, playing a critical role in the global climate system and providing essential ecosystem services to the world. It is therefore essential that we work together to protect this vital and ecologically significant region.

Overall, the classification of Hyphessobrycon simulatus reflects its unique characteristics and evolutionary history within the animal kingdom.

Hyphessobrycon simulatus (GÉRY, 1960) False X-ray Tetra Synonyms

Distribution

The false neon tetra, or Hyphessobrycon simulatus, is a freshwater fish species that is endemic to French Guiana, a region located in South America. The species can be found in a number of river basins within French Guiana, including the Maroni, Mana, Sinnamary, Kourou, Comté, Mahury, Kaw, Approuague, and Oyapock/Oiapoque.

The type locality for the species is the Kourou River (coast) in French Guiana, where it was first described. This region is known for its diverse aquatic fauna and flora, which is likely why the false neon tetra is so well adapted to its freshwater habitat.

Kourou River

The Kourou River is a significant river in French Guiana, a region of France situated on the northeastern coast of South America. This river flows into the Atlantic Ocean and is well-known for its ecological importance and cultural significance in the region. With a total length of approximately 120 kilometers (75 miles), the Kourou River has its source in the Tumuc-Humac mountain range located in the southwestern part of French Guiana. From here, it flows in a northeasterly direction, passing through the town of Kourou, which is one of the largest settlements in French Guiana.

The Kourou River serves as an important water source for both the local population and the surrounding ecosystems. It is a vital source of water for irrigation, drinking, and other human activities, while also supporting a diverse array of plant and animal species. The river basin is home to several freshwater fish, including the false neon tetra (Hyphessobrycon simulatus), which is found in the lower reaches of the river. Other fish species found in the Kourou River include the red-bellied piranha (Pygocentrus nattereri), the electric eel (Electrophorus electricus), and the arapaima (Arapaima gigas).

Besides its ecological significance, the Kourou River is also of great cultural importance. The town of Kourou is situated on the banks of the river and is known for being the site of the Guiana Space Centre, which is operated by the European Space Agency. The space center is a significant economic driver in the region and has played a crucial role in the development of French Guiana.

The Kourou River is also home to several indigenous communities, including the Kalina people, who have lived in the region for thousands of years. These communities have a deep connection to the river and the surrounding landscape, and their traditional practices and knowledge have helped to preserve the ecological and cultural diversity of the area.

However, like many rivers around the world, the Kourou River faces several threats. Pollution, deforestation, and climate change are some of the major issues that affect the river and its ecosystems. Human activities such as mining and agriculture have also contributed to the impact on the river and its ecosystems, raising concerns about the long-term health and sustainability of the river and the surrounding communities.

Efforts are underway to protect the Kourou River and its ecosystems, including conservation programs, sustainable development initiatives, and community-led efforts to preserve traditional practices and knowledge. By working together to address these challenges, it is possible to ensure the continued health and well-being of this important river and the communities that depend on it. Ultimately, preserving the Kourou River and its ecosystems will help to safeguard the ecological and cultural diversity of this vital region of South America.

Due to its unique distribution, the false neon tetra is considered an important part of the aquatic ecosystem in French Guiana. The species plays a key role in the food chain, serving as a food source for larger fish species and helping to control the population of aquatic invertebrates.

Despite being native to French Guiana, the false neon tetra has become a popular aquarium fish around the world due to its bright colors and peaceful temperament. However, it is important to note that the species should only be kept in captivity by experienced aquarium hobbyists who can provide it with the proper care and conditions it requires to thrive.

Habitat

The false neon tetra, Hyphessobrycon simulatus, is a freshwater fish species that has adapted to thrive in the slow-moving or still waters of streams, rivers, and small lakes. This species is endemic to French Guiana, a region in South America where it inhabits several river basins, including the Maroni, Mana, Sinnamary, Kourou, Comté, Mahury, Kaw, Approuague, and Oyapock/Oiapoque.

In the wild, the false neon tetra is commonly found in areas with dense vegetation and submerged tree roots, which provide shelter and serve as breeding sites. The species prefers clear and well-oxygenated water and is adapted to low light conditions. Its diet consists mainly of small aquatic invertebrates and insects, but in captivity, it can be fed on commercial fish food.

The false neon tetra plays a crucial role in the freshwater food chain, as it serves as a food source for larger fish species while controlling the population of aquatic invertebrates. Its bright coloration is also thought to play a vital role in attracting mates and deterring predators.

The unique adaptations of the false neon tetra to its freshwater environment in French Guiana reflect the importance of preserving this species and its habitat. As a popular aquarium fish, it is crucial to maintain healthy populations in the wild, and it is essential for hobbyists to replicate these conditions as closely as possible in captivity. Proper care and attention to its natural habitat can help ensure the health and survival of this species for generations to come.

Maximum Standard Length

The false neon tetra, Hyphessobrycon simulatus, is a relatively small fish species that typically reaches a maximum standard length of around 3 cm (1.2 inches) in both males and females. This size is one of the key features that make the species a popular choice for aquarium enthusiasts.

While the maximum size of the false neon tetra is relatively small, it can vary depending on several factors. These include diet, water quality, and environmental conditions. In captivity, the species can reach its maximum size within a few months to a year, but in the wild, growth rates may vary depending on the availability of food and other resources.

Despite its small size, the false neon tetra is a beautiful and peaceful fish species that can add vibrant color and life to any aquarium. In order to ensure the health and well-being of the species, it is important to provide the proper conditions and care when keeping them in captivity. This includes maintaining a well-maintained aquarium with appropriate water quality parameters, providing a varied and nutritious diet, and ensuring that the aquarium is free of any potential hazards.

The false neon tetra is known for its bright and striking coloration, which makes it a popular choice for many aquarium enthusiasts. However, it is important to remember that the health and well-being of the species should always come first. By providing proper care and attention, aquarium hobbyists can enjoy the beauty of the false neon tetra while ensuring its long-term survival and well-being.

Aquarium Size

Hyphessobrycon simulatus is a small fish species, but it still requires adequate space in an aquarium to ensure its health and well-being. The recommended minimum aquarium size for a small group of false neon tetras is 80 * 30 cm (31.5 * 11.8 inches) or equivalent.

The minimum tank size provides enough space for the fish to swim and explore, as well as for plants and other aquarium decorations. It is essential to provide an appropriate environment for the species in order to keep them healthy and happy. This means providing a well-maintained aquarium with the proper water quality, lighting, and filtration system.

It is important to note that a larger aquarium is always better, as it provides more space for the fish to swim and live comfortably. In general, a larger aquarium with a volume of 100 liters (26 gallons) or more is recommended for keeping a group of false neon tetras.

When choosing an aquarium for Hyphessobrycon simulatus, it is also important to consider the other fish species that may be cohabitating with them. Compatibility with other fish species is crucial to ensure a peaceful and stress-free environment for all inhabitants.

Overall, providing a suitable aquarium size is essential for the health and well-being of Hyphessobrycon simulatus, and aquarium hobbyists should always aim to provide the largest possible tank that they can accommodate.

Maintenance

Maintaining a suitable environment for Hyphessobrycon simulatus is crucial for the health and well-being of this species. Creating a natural and comfortable environment can help to reduce stress and promote overall health, while also enhancing the beauty of the aquarium.

For optimal growth and development, the false neon tetra thrives in a set-up that includes a sandy substrate and some driftwood roots and branches. These structures provide the fish with natural hiding places and shelter, as well as a place to explore and interact with other members of its species.

In addition to driftwood, live plants can be added to the aquarium, creating a more natural and dynamic environment. The plants also help to improve water quality by absorbing nitrates and other pollutants from the water.

The addition of dried leaf litter is another way to enhance the natural feel of the aquarium. As the leaves decompose, they provide an additional food source for both adults and fry. The humic substances released by the decaying leaves are also considered beneficial for the fish.

Maintaining a suitable environment for the false neon tetra requires regular monitoring of water quality parameters, including temperature, pH, and ammonia levels. It is also essential to perform regular water changes and clean the aquarium to prevent the buildup of harmful waste products.

Overall, providing a natural and comfortable environment for Hyphessobrycon simulatus is key to ensuring the health and happiness of this species in captivity. By creating a suitable environment and maintaining proper care and maintenance, aquarium hobbyists can enjoy the beauty of these fish while promoting their long-term survival and well-being.

Water Conditions

Maintaining suitable water conditions is essential for the health and well-being of Hyphessobrycon simulatus in captivity. These fish are adapted to living in slow-moving or still freshwater environments in South America, and replicating these conditions in the aquarium is essential for their survival.

The recommended water temperature for Hyphessobrycon simulatus is between 20-28 °C (68-82.4 °F). This range provides a comfortable environment for the fish, enabling them to thrive and grow. It is important to maintain a consistent water temperature, as sudden changes can stress the fish and lead to health problems.

The ideal pH range for the false neon tetra is between 5.0-7.0. Maintaining a slightly acidic environment is important for their survival, as they are adapted to low pH conditions in their natural habitat. The hardness of the water should be between 18-179 ppm, which provides the right level of minerals for the fish to thrive.

It is important to note that the water quality parameters for Hyphessobrycon simulatus may vary depending on their origin within French Guiana. Therefore, it is important to research the specific location of the fish within their natural habitat to ensure proper care.

To maintain suitable water conditions, it is essential to perform regular water testing and make any necessary adjustments to the pH and hardness levels. Regular water changes are also important to remove any accumulated waste products and ensure proper water quality.

Overall, maintaining the proper water conditions is crucial for the health and survival of Hyphessobrycon simulatus. By providing suitable water conditions and proper care, aquarium hobbyists can enjoy the beauty of this species in their own homes while promoting their long-term survival and well-being.

Diet

Hyphessobrycon simulatus is likely an omnivorous fish species, feeding on a variety of small invertebrates, crustaceans, filamentous algae, fallen fruit, and other natural food sources in its natural habitat. In captivity, a balanced and varied diet is essential for the health and well-being of this species.

While the false neon tetra can survive on a diet of dried foods, offering a variety of live and frozen foods is essential for optimal growth and development. Bloodworms, mosquito larvae, Daphnia, Moina, and other small aquatic invertebrates are excellent food sources for the false neon tetra.

It is important to provide a balanced diet that includes both protein-rich foods and plant-based foods. Feeding the false neon tetra a varied diet promotes their overall health and helps to prevent health problems caused by malnutrition or overfeeding. Overfeeding can lead to obesity, which can cause health problems and reduce the lifespan of the fish.

To maintain a healthy and balanced diet, it is recommended to feed Hyphessobrycon simulatus several small meals throughout the day rather than one large meal. This helps to prevent overfeeding and ensures that the fish receive a balanced diet.

Overall, providing a varied and nutritious diet is essential for the health and well-being of Hyphessobrycon simulatus in captivity. By offering a balanced diet that includes both plant-based and protein-rich foods, aquarium hobbyists can enjoy the beauty of this species while promoting their long-term survival and well-being.

Behaviour and Compatibility

Hyphessobrycon simulatus is a very peaceful fish species, making it an ideal resident of a well-researched community aquarium. The species is best maintained alongside similarly-sized characids, gasteropelecids, lebiasinids, smaller callichthyid or loricariid catfishes, and non-predatory, small-to-medium-sized cichlids.

It is important to note that the false neon tetra is a schooling fish and feels most comfortable in a group. A mixed-sex group of at least 8-10 specimens is recommended to ensure that the fish feel secure and display natural behaviors.

When selecting tankmates for Hyphessobrycon simulatus, it is important to consider their compatibility with the species. Tankmates should be non-aggressive and similar in size to the false neon tetra. Other schooling fish can be included in the aquarium to provide additional security and create a more natural-looking spectacle.

While the false neon tetra is a peaceful fish species, it is important to avoid housing them with larger, predatory fish species. Larger fish may see the false neon tetra as food and attack or eat them.

Overall, Hyphessobrycon simulatus is a peaceful and social fish species that is best kept in a community aquarium with compatible tankmates. By providing a suitable environment and proper care, aquarium hobbyists can enjoy the beauty of these fish while promoting their long-term survival and well-being.

Sexual Dimorphism

Hyphessobrycon simulatus exhibits sexual dimorphism, which means there are physical differences between males and females. Sexually mature females are noticeably rounder-bodied and slightly larger than males.

The rounder body of females is due to the presence of ovaries and eggs, which require more space and energy than the male reproductive organs. In contrast, males have a more streamlined body shape that facilitates swimming and movement.

While the differences between males and females are subtle, they can be observed by carefully comparing specimens. This is especially important for breeders who want to selectively breed the fish for specific traits or behaviors.

Overall, the sexual dimorphism in Hyphessobrycon simulatus is relatively minor, but it is an important aspect of the species’ biology and should be considered by aquarium hobbyists and breeders.

Reproduction

Unreported.

Notes

Hyphessobrycon simulatus is a relatively uncommon species in the aquarium trade, and its name is sometimes mistakenly applied to other species. It was initially described as the only species in the monotypic genus Pseudopristella. This species can be distinguished from the similar-looking Pristella maxillaris by its relatively large humeral spot and black pigmentation in the anal fin, which is limited to the first ray.

The taxonomic classification of the genus Hyphessobrycon has undergone multiple revisions over the years. Initially, the genus was considered a subgenus of Hemigrammus but was later raised to the genus level. The grouping of species within the genus based on color patterns was proposed by Géry in 1977, but it is not considered a monophyletic assemblage.

Weitzman and Palmer hypothesized the existence of a monophyletic assemblage within the genus based on color pattern and male fin morphology, which they called the “rosy tetra clade.” This assemblage, along with other morphologically similar species, is now considered Hyphessobrycon sensu stricto by some authors, while the remaining species are included in an expanded H. heterohabdus group.

However, there are still conflicting views on the taxonomy of the genus, and it is considered a polyphyletic lineage containing several genera. Malabarba et al. (2012) revalidated the genus Ectrepopterus Fowler, previously considered a synonym of Hyphessobrycon. They also analyzed its relationships within the Characidae and found that H. compressus is more closely related to rosy tetra representatives than other members of the genus.

In summary, the taxonomic classification of Hyphessobrycon has been subject to multiple revisions, and there is still ongoing debate about its taxonomy and the grouping of its constituent species. However, recent research has started to shed light on the relationships between different species, and the process of splitting the genus into multiple genera has already begun.

References

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Malabarba, L. R., V. A. Bertaco, F. R. Carvalho & T. O. Litz., 2012 – Zootaxa 3204: 47-60
Revalidation of the genus Ectrepopterus Fowler (Teleostei: Characiformes), with the redescription of its type species, E. uruguayensis.
Mirande, J. M., 2010 – Neotropical Ichthyology 8(3): 385-568
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Reis, R. E., S. O. Kullander and C. J. Ferraris, Jr. (eds), 2003 – EDIPUCRS, Porto Alegre: i-xi + 1-729
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Zarske, A., 2014 – Vertebrate Zoology 64(2): 139-167
Zur Systematik einiger Blutsalmler oder “Rosy Tetras” (Teleostei: Ostariophysi: Characidae).